How should I store coffee beans?
Keep beans whole, airtight, at room temperature and away from light. Do not put your working bag in the fridge. For anything you will not drink within about a month, freeze it in single-dose portions before it goes stale.
Four things degrade coffee: oxygen, moisture, heat and light. Oxygen is the main one, since staling is oxidation of the aromatic oils, and it is why whole beans last far longer than pre-ground coffee. Grinding multiplies surface area enormously, which is why a bag of pre-ground is noticeably flat within days while whole beans stay decent for weeks.
For the bag you are drinking now, the practical answer is unglamorous: leave it in its original valve bag with the air pressed out and the seal closed, or move it to an airtight opaque container, and keep it in a cupboard at room temperature. The one-way valve on a good coffee bag exists to let CO2 out without letting oxygen in, and it does that job well.
The refrigerator is the one place not to put it. A fridge is humid, it is full of odours that coffee readily absorbs, and taking beans in and out causes condensation on cold beans, which is moisture directly on the thing you are trying to keep dry. This is the most common coffee storage mistake and it is worth stating flatly.
The freezer, by contrast, works and works well, with one rule: portion first, and do not refreeze. Divide the beans into single-dose or single-brew portions, in airtight containers or well-sealed bags with the air pressed out, and freeze them while the coffee is still fresh, not after it has already gone flat. Take a portion out and grind it straight from frozen, which is standard practice and, as a side effect, tends to produce a slightly narrower grind distribution because cold beans fracture more cleanly.
On timing: espresso is generally best from about five days to a month off roast, filter has a slightly wider and later window, and past six weeks in an opened bag most coffee has lost the aromatics that made it worth buying. Buy in quantities you will actually drink, and treat roast date as the number that matters on the bag rather than a best-before date printed a year out.